Dr. Hossein Rajabpour, an economist and researcher of development and planning, emphasizing that the issue of inclusive development is the opposite of what is called the perverse pattern of growth, in which a part of the society benefits, but many parts of the society, in The daily struggle for survival should be eliminated, he said: For example, in the Tabas mine incident, a student, despite studying law, entered a job that has nothing to do with his specialty. If he participated in the national entrance exam from Quchan, he worked hard and did difficult and harmful work for 12 million Tomans and finally lost his life. This struggle for survival is ultimately what is emphasized by the concept of the deviant pattern of growth.
According to the news agency Online newsquoted from JamaranDr. Hossein Rajabpour, economist and author of the book “Shaky Development”, who spoke at the review meeting of “The 14th Government and Comprehensive Development and Its Needs” on the occasion of the launch of this book at the Institute of Religion and Economics, while offering his condolences on the occasion of the heartbreaking incident. For the miners of our country, Stating that inclusive development is a development that wants to give the benefits of development to people who have informal, low-quality and harmful jobs, he stated: “Inclusive development wants to create arrangements in the economy that prevent such incidents and reduce the economic activity associated with such incidents.
Man should be at the center of development
Stating that all recent theories believe that man should be at the center of development, he said: “In the past, most of what we are looking for today in the form of development was called happiness, and it was a mental and individual discussion. was While in the new world, the new ideology or example is the search for a general example or what is meant by the well-being of humans in society. At the center of this discussion is economic development and developments.
Rajabpour, stating that Economic growth processes that lead to increased wealth and living standards may not bring prosperity to everyonethe inequality and incompatibility of the society’s values with the values based on the society’s well-being, even in spite of the increase in wealth, are effective factors in this relationship and explained: “”Growth” in a simple way is the increase in the wealth of the society, and the increase in the wealth of the society, In the form of increasing the economic cake, it helps to eliminate poverty and everyone can get out of the constraints of meeting their needs. But the other issue was that not every growth can create this achievement and compound expressions were created; such as Employment-creating growth, poverty-relieving growth, or inclusive growth. Regarding inclusive growth, it has been raised that what is deprivation of material needs or poverty, are not all the mechanisms that may affect people’s well-being. What is called “exclusion” is all the processes that push people out of participation in social life.
Referring to marginalized groups, this economist stated that the concept of inclusiveness wants to pay special attention to these groups and give these people a chance and create the value of “being together”, adding: “The concept “Ability” and “freedom” are at the center of development discussion today, and development should be a process that allows people to realize their talents. These facilities are not only material, but also include non-material dimensions and a process that gives people a sense of dignity.
Referring to the process that must be followed to achieve these goals, he addressed the issues of participation and being a beneficiary and explained: “We participate in a social division of labor and at the same time we provide for our own needs, we also provide for others. We help to meet their needs so that we all have prosperity together. A foundation of development is based on participation that in the knowledge base, the more the division of labor expands and the jobs are more diverse and productive, this development process will help people achieve more prosperity.
Stating that he explains how to benefit, the ratio of participation and benefit, which is the subject of theories of justice, Rajabpour explained the theories of justice in the field of economics and said: “A society and a development process, if it wants to be inclusive , should pay special attention to equality. “Governments, due to their orientations, can prioritize equality, or not prioritize it.”
fluctuating trends of development in the last four decades of Iran; Faltering in the development of Iran since the 80s
A PhD student in Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabatabai University, referring to the research he has done in this book, in the economy of Iran, from 1360 to 1400 for a period of four decades, stated: “In the last four decades Development trends in Iran have been highly fluctuating trends The peak of inclusive development in Iran is around 81-82. Unlike the index of growth and per capita income, which has suffered severe crises since the 1990s, the inclusive development index shows the years 81-82. The important thing is that if we look at the per capita income, we can say that external shocks caused our processes to stop, but this comprehensive development index that I have made shows that before the external changes come, even in When we were experiencing an oil boom, the decline of our development processes began.”
This economic development researcher emphasized:Part of this failure is not exogenous but endogenous, and we were caught in fluctuations before external shocks. Here we have to ask if the government had a role in this process? Econometric analyzes show that if we measure government expenditures in inclusive development trends, we do not see a significant effect. Except for oil changes, government expenditure indicators do not show significant changes. Has the government no role in this process? Considering that economic analysis cannot tell us many things, so I examined the policy input and examined all the policies in the bills of the plans up to the sixth plan.
In the document “Development and Evolution of the Islamic Republic”, the concept of quality of life was repeated many times
Egalitarian approaches are weakened in development documents
Referring to the concept of quality of life that was proposed in the 1970s, Najafpour said:It is interesting that in the development and evolution document of the Islamic Republic, this concept has been repeated many times, but it is missing in the following documents, until the fourth plan! We had this vision from the beginning and then we lost it and we have given up this direction. In the documents of the program bills, we had fluctuating trends, but gradually the egalitarian approaches have lost their place in the development documents and weakened.”
Analyzing the content of inauguration speeches and introducing the presidents’ cabinet
He pointed to the content analysis he has done on the structural adjustment documents, the economic organization document, the economic transformation program and the non-inflationary exit from the recession and said: “In these programs, the priority of growth-oriented approaches is much more serious. Regardless of what the political circumstances were, the body of experts is inclined towards growth priority patterns. I also reviewed the details of the parliament’s deliberations, the presidents’ inauguration speeches and the ministers’ introduction speeches. Interestingly, the share of growth-oriented approaches in the inauguration speeches is much less, and it shows that this is an idea that cannot be easily sold to the society. While in undergraduate papers, this idea is successful. Of course, in recent years, this issue has grown in the literature of politicians, which shows that after years of cultural work, social values are moving in a direction that can be accepted by society.”
This economist stated: “For example, the concept of planning, in the speech of Engineer Mousavi, has a very important place as the rosary thread of all actions. But in the following speeches, this point does not have much place. In the inauguration speech of Mr. Khatami in 1376, which was after inflationary policies and structural adjustment, the concept of social justice is emphasized 13 times. While in the speech of 1380, it is not mentioned even once, which shows that there has been a transfer. In subsequent speeches, for example, Mr. Ahmadinejad came up with the slogan of justice, but he did not once use the concept of social justice, which has a modern basis.
“Liberty”, in speeches, has become “Liberalization of prices”.
Rajabpour, saying that during these years, “freedom”, in speeches, has become “liberation of prices”, he said: “Participation” became “participation of the non-governmental sector” and in fact, the social and political values with which these concepts were raised gradually faded and the orientations changed over time.
Why was Rouhani’s government unable to make serious policies?
He explained the dimensions of the concept of political, social and economic capacity and said: “Political capacity means the amount of long-term policy horizon and the development policy of power coalitions, which consists of two parts, executive capacity and horizon policy making The political capacity of governments in Iran fluctuates, and for example, Mr. Rouhani’s government, while it has improved its executive capacity, has greatly decreased in terms of policy horizons due to internal political tensions, which shows why this government has not been able to make serious policies. . In the economic capacity, the variables show a serious decline. The further we have come, the less effective the support policies of the governments have been. Perhaps it can be said, because most mining groups and non-construction industries and non-promoters of the transformation sector have been the target of these supports, therefore, its development effect has decreased and the capacity of these policies to create transformation has decreased.”
Khatami’s government, by far, had more social capacity than others
This development researcher further pointed to the components of social capacity and continued: “Social capacity is also fluctuating, but Mr. Khatami’s government had more social capacity than other governments, and he may be able to show that inclusive development in This period has been more than other periods and this issue shows the importance of creating social capacity in Iran.
Emphasizing that the issue of inclusive development is the opposite of what is called the deviant pattern of growth, in which a part of the society benefits, but many parts of the society are excluded in the daily struggle for survival, he said.“For example, in the Tabas mine incident, a student, despite studying law, entered a job that has nothing to do with his specialty. If he participated in the national entrance exam from Quchan, he worked hard and did difficult and harmful work for 12 million Tomans and finally lost his life. This struggle for survival is ultimately what is emphasized by the concept of the deviant pattern of growth.
The government is trying to increase the political capacity of the government with the Wefaq discourse
Rajabpour stated that it is true that movement in sanctions is flying in a cage, but sanctions are not the whole problem, at the same time, he reminded: “The concept that the president put forward with the slogan of Wefaq is a discourse that tries to increase the political capacity of the government. increase in order to have a more effective policy. Besides that, the government also emphasized on justice, but when we enter into its operational definition from the title of justice, there was actually no idea. The issue of justice was raised, but now the issue of removing mandated prices and changing the form of distribution of subsidies is called as the concept of justice. In this second aspect, which is very important and the concept of “inclusive development” also emphasizes it, the government is facing a serious discursive weakness.
Development should be a cumulative development so that its results can be seen
He added: “Development should be a cumulative change so that its results can be seen. If development is not inclusive, accumulation will not occur and we will face reversibility. In contemporary history, we have had periods of high growth rates, but political developments have been completely in the opposite direction. which shows that these indicators are not realistic. We adopted approaches not only due to external shocks, which have led to instability instead of consolidation and accumulation for us.”
216216
منبع: www.khabaronline.ir
